HYDROGEN SULFIDE

Hydrogen sulfide is used or encountered in farming (usually as agricultural disinfectants), brewing, tanning, glue making, rubber vulcanizing, metal recovery processes, heavy water production (for nuclear reactors), in oil ("sour crude" refinery) and gas exploration and processing, in rayon or artificial silk manufacture, lithography and photoengraving, fur-dressing and felt-making plants, abattoirs, fertilizer cookers, beet sugar factories, analytical chemistry, and dye production (Beck et al, 1981; Sittig, 1991; Grant, 1993; ACGIH, 1992).

FORMS

Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that is heavier than air and has an unpleasant odor of rotten eggs. It is detectable by odor at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm.
Hydrogen sulfide is a liquid at high pressures and low temperatures, and is shipped as the liquefied material under its own vapor pressure (AAR, 1996).
Hydrogen sulfide is available commercially in a technical grade of 98.5 percent purity and a purified grade of 99.5 percent minimum purity (Lewis, 1993).

SOURCES

DETERGENT SUICIDE: Several suicides have been reported in Japan and the United States in individuals who combined household chemicals containing a sulfur component and an acid, resulting in the development of hydrogen sulfide gas. Mixing of these chemicals occurred in enclosed spaces (ie, a vehicle with rolled up windows or a bathroom), and the individuals would place signs on the outside of the window or door warning of toxic fumes contained within the enclosed space. In Japan, bath sulfur was typically mixed with an acidic toilet bowl cleaner, and in the United States the sulfur component used was an insecticide (Poulsen, 2009; Truscott, 2008)
Natural sources include subterranean emissions (e.g., caves, wells, coal pits, springs), volcanoes (up to levels of 1:4000), and bacterial decomposition of sulfur in soil and the gastrointestinal tract (Ellenhorn, 1997; Sollmann, 1957). Emissions may be increased after water levels rise.
Hydrogen sulfide is released spontaneously from decomposing sulfur compounds. It is also produced by bacterial action on sewage effluents containing sulfur compounds when oxygen has been consumed by excessive organic loading of surface water ("sewer gas").
Poisonings have occurred in or near processing and storage tanks of liquid manure that are widely used to dispose of large volumes of livestock wastes (Morse et al, 1981; Osbern & Crapo, 1981). Agitation of the manure is important in creating an acute, severely toxic environment (Donham et al, 1982).
Hydrogen sulfide may be generated from decomposing protein in the holds of fishing vessels (Glass et al, 1980; Dalgaard et al, 1972).
Hydrogen sulfide is present in well-head gas found in natural gas in concentrations of up to 22% (220,000 ppm) where inhaling one breath can be immediately fatal (Kurt, 1992).
Hydrogen sulfide is released during wood pulp production and paper and paperboard production and recycling (Kauppinen et al, 1997).
Water reclamation workers may be exposed to hydrogen sulfide and tanker drivers may have more significant exposure than other workers in this field (Glass, 1990).
Data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics show that hydrogen sulfide was responsible for 52 out of 43,950 fatal occupational injuries in the period from 1993 to 1999. Most exposures occurred in an enclosed space. The waste management (24%) and oil and natural gas (18%) industries were most often involved. Exposure was immediately fatal in 45 workers (87%) and there were 9 episodes (21%) with more than one death, some of whom were killed while attempting to rescue co-workers (Hendrickson et al, 2004).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

USES: Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, colorless gas. It is denser than air with a rotten egg odor. Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally by biological degradation of sulfur-containing products (eg, fish, sewage, and manure) and produced as a byproduct in many industrial processes (ie, paper mills, heavy-water production, petroleum refineries, tanneries, mines, carbon disulfide production, and hot asphalt fumes). It can often be found naturally in sulfur hot springs, volcanoes, and underground deposits of natural gas.

TOXICOLOGY: It interrupts oxidative phosphorylation by inhibition of cytochrome oxidase a3. By inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen sulfide effectively causes cellular asphyxia.

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Hydrogen sulfide exposure is uncommon; however, with severe exposure manifestations are life-threatening.

WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE

EXPOSURE: Hydrogen sulfide exposure occurs primarily by inhalation, but can also cause dermal and ocular injury. Suspect hydrogen sulfide toxicity in anyone found unconscious, in a confined space with an odor of rotten eggs present. Darkening of jewelry or silver coins in the vicinity of the victim should also heighten suspicion for hydrogen sulfide exposure.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: In mild to moderate exposures, hydrogen sulfide is primarily an irritant causing upper-airway irritation, conjunctivitis, corneal injury, dermatitis, pharyngitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema (which can be life-threatening). It can also manifest as headache, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, disequilibrium, keratoconjunctivitis, corneal ulceration and rarely irreversible corneal scarring.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe exposure manifests as central nervous system depression, seizures, coma, hemoptysis, myocardial ischemia, dysrhythmias, acute lung injury, and death. Central nervous system depression is usually rapid and profound. While recovery may be complete in patients rapidly removed from exposure, permanent sequelae (eg, dementia, memory failure, delirium, ataxia, tremor, muscle rigidity) may result from prolonged hypoxia.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

TOXIC; Extremely Hazardous.
May be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Initial odor may be irritating or foul and may deaden your sense of smell.
Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

SUMMARY

TOXICOLOGY: It interrupts oxidative phosphorylation by inhibition of cytochrome oxidase a3. By inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen sulfide effectively causes cellular asphyxia.
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Hydrogen sulfide exposure is uncommon; however, with severe exposure manifestations are life-threatening.
EXPOSURE: Hydrogen sulfide exposure occurs primarily by inhalation, but can also cause dermal and ocular injury. Suspect hydrogen sulfide toxicity in anyone found unconscious, in a confined space with an odor of rotten eggs present. Darkening of jewelry or silver coins in the vicinity of the victim should also heighten suspicion for hydrogen sulfide exposure.
MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: In mild to moderate exposures, hydrogen sulfide is primarily an irritant causing upper-airway irritation, conjunctivitis, corneal injury, dermatitis, pharyngitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema (which can be life-threatening). It can also manifest as headache, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, disequilibrium, keratoconjunctivitis, corneal ulceration and rarely irreversible corneal scarring.
SEVERE TOXICITY: Severe exposure manifests as central nervous system depression, seizures, coma, hemoptysis, myocardial ischemia, dysrhythmias, acute lung injury, and death. Central nervous system depression is usually rapid and profound. While recovery may be complete in patients rapidly removed from exposure, permanent sequelae (eg, dementia, memory failure, delirium, ataxia, tremor, muscle rigidity) may result from prolonged hypoxia.

CARDIOVASCULAR

CARDIAC ARREST: Cardiac arrest may develop abruptly after high level exposure (Tanaka et al, 1999).
DYSRHYTHMIA: Tachycardia, bradycardia, and cardiac dysrhythmias have been reported (Yalamanchili & Smith, 2008; Nikkanen & Burns, 2004; Gregorakos et al, 1995).
HYPOTENSIVE EPISODE: Hypotension can occur with severe poisoning (Christia-Lotter et al, 2007; Gunn & Wong, 2001; ATSDR, 1998).
HYPERTENSIVE EPISODE: An elevated blood pressure has been reported in patients exposed to hydrogen sulfide (Yalamanchili & Smith, 2008; Gerasimon et al, 2007; Audeau et al, 1985).

GASTROINTESTINAL

NAUSEA AND VOMITING: Hydrogen sulfide irritates the mucous membranes producing nausea and vomiting (ATSDR, 1998; Audeau et al, 1985; Thoman, 1969).
WEIGHT LOSS: CHRONIC: Chronic exposure may produce weight loss and gastrointestinal upset (Lewis, 1996).

HEENT

EYES

CONJUNCTIVITIS: Hydrogen sulfide is very irritating to the eyes causing painful conjunctivitis and corneal abrasions (ATSDR, 1998; Snyder et al, 1995). Injection of the conjunctivae, seeing colored halos ("gas eyes") (Done, 1979; ACGIH, 1992; Lewis, 1996) ocular pain, and blepharospasm may be noted following exposure to 150 ppm to 300 ppm.

NEUROLOGIC

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEFICIT: CNS depression occurs with depressed respiration (Christia-Lotter et al, 2007; Nikkanen & Burns, 2004; Peters, 1981). Inhalation exposure to 500 ppm for 30 minutes may produce headache, sweating, vertigo, seizures, irritability, somnolence, weakness, amnesia, malaise, confusion, delirium, hallucinations, nystagmus, unconsciousness, and coma (Audeau et al, 1985; Peters, 1981; Smith & Gosselin, 1979; Stine et al, 1976).
SEIZURE: Generalized seizures are common with high exposures (Christia-Lotter et al, 2007; Gunn & Wong, 2001; Tanaka et al, 1999).
SENSE OF SMELL ALTERED: Loss of sense of smell (anosmia) occurs at 50 ppm to 150 ppm and may take weeks to recover (Beauchamp, 1984).

RESPIRATORY

RESPIRATORY ARREST: Exposure to 800 ppm to 1000 ppm can be fatal in 30 minutes or less, producing respiratory arrest (Lewis, 1996).
APNEA: The action of hydrogen sulfide is chiefly on the respiration with hyperpnea occurring at dilutions of 1:1500 followed by hypocapnia and apnea. With 1:500, there is immediate respiratory paralysis due to irritation of the carotid sinus (Sollmann, 1957; ACGIH, 1992). Neurogenic apnea or asphyxia is a cause of death in severe acute exposures.
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS): ARDS may occur after prolonged exposure to hydrogen sulfide at concentrations greater than 250 ppm or acutely after exposures to concentrations between 750 ppm and 1000 ppm (Milby & Baselt, 1999).
PULMONARY FUNCTION STUDIES ABNORMAL: ACUTE EXPOSURE: Sewer workers exposed to hydrogen sulfide had decreased lung function manifested as decreased FEV1/FVC on pulmonary function testing (Richardson, 1995).
IRRITATION: ACUTE EXPOSURE: Finnish residents in an area with Kraft process pulp mills which release hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds complained of coughing, pharyngeal irritation, breathlessness, and an increased incidence of respiratory infections (Partti-Pellinen et al, 1996; Marttila et al, 1995; Marttila et al, 1994).

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Subchronic exposure to low airborne levels can produce irritation of the eyes and corneal opacity, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, pulmonary edema, excessive salivation, nausea, diarrhea, and effects of CNS depression including headache, dizziness, weakness, loss of coordination and judgement, and cardiac irregularities (HSDB).

Whether or not there is a chronic toxicity of hydrogen sulfide distinct from its acute and subchronic effects is debatable (ILO, 1983). Headaches, bronchitis, a grey-green line on the gums, eye disorders, and neurological symptoms including psychological disorders have been associated with chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide (ILO, 1983). Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide from a nearby gas field among residents of Luling, Texas, has been speculated to be a cause of possible dulling of intelligence and motivation as compared to persons in the neighboring town of Lockhart, Texas, where hydrogen sulfide odor is not obvious (Anon, 1986).

Possible effects of chronic exposure to low levels of hydrogen sulfide are not well documented, but have been linked with cardiac arrhythmias, neurotoxicity, and chronic eye irritation (Guidotti, 1994). Chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide in sewer workers was associated with altered pulmonary function (reduced FEV1/FVC) when compared to water treatment workers (Richardson, 1995). However, exposure concentrations were not measured and factors other than hydrogen sulfide may account for these effects.

-FIRST AID

FIRST AID AND PREHOSPITAL TREATMENT

SUMMARY

Hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature, making ingestion unlikely.
Move the victim to an area of fresh air and immediately provide respiratory support using 100% humidified oxygen.
Although its efficacy is still unproven, nitrite therapy is recommended if it can be started early.
Hyperbaric oxygen may be given to those who continue to be symptomatic after standard therapy.
Measures should be taken to control seizures, pulmonary edema, and dysrhythmias and to correct hypotension.
Exposed mucocutaneous surfaces should be thoroughly washed with copious amounts of soap and water.
Rescuers should wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, special chemical protective clothing, and a safety line during rescue operations. Many would-be rescuers have become victims when entering contaminated enclosed areas without proper protective equipment.
Observe for delayed onset (up to 72 hours) of acute respiratory effects.

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
Keep victim under observation.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

Hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature (Harbison, 1998), making ingestion unlikely.
Move the victim to fresh air and immediately provide respiratory support using 100% humidified oxygen.
Although its efficacy is still unproven, nitrite therapy is recommended if it can be started early.
Hyperbaric oxygen may be given to those who continue to be symptomatic after standard therapy.
Measures should be taken to control seizures, pulmonary edema, and dysrhythmias and to correct hypotension.
Exposed mucocutaneous surfaces should be thoroughly washed with copious amounts of soap and water.
Rescuers should wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, special chemical protective clothing, and a safety line during rescue operations. Many would-be rescuers have become victims when entering contaminated enclosed areas without proper protective equipment.
Observe for delayed onset (up to 72 hours) of acute respiratory effects.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

Concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2% in the atmosphere may be fatal in a few minutes. Toxicity to the CNS could occur suddenly with concentrations in excess of 500 ppm and immediate death might follow concentrations in excess of 1000 ppm (OHM/TADS , 1999; Lewis, 1996).
Coma and death from respiratory arrest occur with exposure to concentrations between 500 and 1000 ppm (ACGIH, 1986). A single breath at concentrations of 1000 ppm or greater may cause coma and respiratory arrest (Hathaway et al, 1996).
CASE REPORT: After entering an empty tank of a fish hatchery, an adult lost consciousness and did not recover. Prior to emptying the fish tank, the hydrogen sulfide levels in the water was 4 mg/L (Nikkanen & Burns, 2004).
CASE REPORT: Four fatalities in two separate accidents involving wastewater industrial workers have been reported. In the first accident, three men were working next to a receiving silo in an unconfined room at the same time a truck was dumping several tons of sludge from wastewater purification stations. The first man was checking a pump mechanism close to the silo when be suddenly became unconscious. The two fellow coworkers went to his aid and quickly lost consciousness. All three workers died at the scene. Autopsy reports revealed sulfide levels from all three victims as 2.48, 14.9 and 18.1 mg/L, respectively. Environmental teams detected levels of 100 ppm of hydrogen sulfide 6 hours after the accident. In the second accident, one man lost consciousness while descending a staircase shortly after a pulse of hydrogen sulfide gas was released into an unconfined space from an evacuation window located close to the staircase. He received medical care within 15 minutes of exposure; however, he did not survive(Nogue et al, 2011).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Olfactory fatigue occurs at concentrations of 100 ppm and at concentrations of 150 ppm, the odor of hydrogen sulfide disappears secondary to olfactory paralysis, making perception of odor an unreliable warning property (Caravati, 2004; Hendrickson et al, 2004).

Exposure to airborne concentrations greater than 50 ppm results in gradually worsening signs and symptoms, and with exposure to greater than 500 ppm there is immediate loss of consciousness, depressed respirations, and death in 30 to 60 minutes (OHM/TADS , 1999; Lewis, 1996; ACGIH, 1992; Hathaway et al, 1996).

Hydrogen Sulfate Concentrations and Expected Effects (ACGIH, 1992; Hathaway et al, 1996; Guidotti, 1996)
EFFECTS	H2S CONCENTRATION	ONSET
Eye Irritation	4 to 100 ppm
Respiratory Irritation; (possible pulmonary edema)	50 to 500 ppm
Bronchitis and/or acute lung injury	250 ppm	24 to 72 hours
Symptomatic	50 ppm for	0.5 hour
Severely toxic	200 ppm for	1 minute
Coma and death	500 to 1000 ppm
Fatal	800 ppm	immediate
Fatal	600 ppm	30 minutes
Breathing ceases with 1 to 2 breaths (immediate collapse)	1000 ppm	immediate

Another source reported the hydrogen sulfide and expected effects: 0.15 ppm, detectable odor; 150 ppm, olfactory nerve paralysis, mucous membrane irritation; 500 ppm, headache, pulmonary edema; 700 ppm, loss of consciousness; 1000 ppm, convulsions, coma, respiratory paralysis, death. It has been suggested that paralysis of the olfactory nerve may occur. The loss of perception of the odor as the levels increases has been described as "olfactory extinction" (Nikkanen & Burns, 2004).
Because the human body has an inherently large capacity for detoxifying sulfide (Haggard, 1925; Weber & Lendle, 1965), the toxicity is more closely related to concentration than to length of exposure (O'Donoghue, 1961; Smith & Gosselin, 1964).
Men and women can safely perform work of moderate intensity in environments with 5 ppm of airborne hydrogen sulfide (Bhambhani et al, 1994; Bhambhani et al, 1996).

At an airborne hydrogen sulfide concentration of 10 ppm, there was a decrease in oxygen uptake and an increase in serum lactic acid levels during exercise but no changes in arterial blood values or cardiovascular parameter alterations were found (Bhambhani et al, 1997).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7783-06-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): Not applicable. This substance was not assessed using the EPA's 1986 cancer guidelines. ; Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): Not Listed
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
MAK (DFG, 2002): Not Listed
NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD:

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 2x10(-3) mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: RTECS, 2002
- LC50- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- LDLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS7783-06-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Hydrogen sulfide

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 1 ppm
TLV-STEL: 5 ppm
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: Not Listed
Codes: Not Listed
Definitions: Not Listed

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; CNS impair
Molecular Weight: 34.08

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS7783-06-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS7783-06-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
REL:

TWA:
STEL:
Ceiling: 10 ppm (15 mg/m(3)) [10-minute]
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

OSHA PEL Values for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
Table Z-1 for Hydrogen sulfide:

8-hour TWA:

ppm:

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3:

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

Table Z-2 for Hydrogen sulfide (Z37.2-1966):

8-hour TWA:
Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 20 ppm
Acceptable Maximum Peak above the Ceiling Concentration for an 8-hour Shift:

Concentration: 50 ppm
Maximum Duration: 10 min. once, only if no other meas. exp. Occurs

Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Threshold Quantity, in pounds:1500

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide H2S
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

100 (45.4)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
P or U series number: U135
Footnote:
Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide H2 S
P or U series number: U135
Footnote:
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Hydrogen Sulfide
Reportable Quantity, in pounds: 100

Only the statutory or final RQ is shown. For more information, see 40 CFR table 302.4.

Threshold Planning Quantity, in pounds:

500
Amount necessary to be covered by this standard. See 40 CFR 355.30.

Note(s): f

f: Chemicals on the original list that do not meet toxicity criteria but because of their acute lethality, high production volume and known risk are considered chemicals of concern ("Other chemicals"). (November 17, 1986, and February 15, 1990.)

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS7783-06-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/94
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS7783-06-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS7783-06-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1053 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Hydrogen sulfide

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 2.3

2.3: Poisonous gas. See 49 CFR section 173.115 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1053
Packing Group: Not Listed
Label(s) required (if not excepted): 2.3, 2.1

2.3: Poison Gas.
2.1: Flammable Gas.

Special Provisions: 2, B9, B14

2: This material is poisonous by inhalation (see sxn. 171.8 of this subchapter) in Hazard Zone B (see sxn. 173.116(a) or sxn. 173.133(a) of this subchapter), and must be described as an inhalation hazard under the provisions of this subchapter.
B9: Bottom outlets are not authorized.
B14: Each bulk packaging, except a tank car or a multi-unit-tank car tank, must be insulated with an insulating material so that the overall thermal conductance at 15.5 °C (60 °F) is no more than 1.5333 kilojoules per hour per square meter per degree Celsius (0.075 Btu per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit) temperature differential. Insulating materials must not promote corrosion to steel when wet.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: None
Non-bulk packaging: 304
Bulk packaging: 314, 315

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: Forbidden
Cargo aircraft only: Forbidden

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: D

D: The material must be stowed "on deck only" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length, but the material is prohibited on passenger vessels in which the limiting number of passengers is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: 40

40: Stow "clear of living quarters".

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1053 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Hydrogen sulphide
UN Number: 1053

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS7783-06-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Hydrogen Sulfide
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 4

(4) Highly toxic material. Very limited exposure could cause death or major injury even though prompt medical treatment is given. Includes known or suspect human carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens.

Flammability Rating (Red): 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

SUMMARY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

As many as 125,000 US workers may be exposed to hydrogen sulfide (Sittig, 1991). Enclosed spaces (tanks, sewers, pits, etc) are particularly dangerous, and should not be entered without respirators, proper protective equipment, and safety lines (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

Do not attempt to handle broken or leaking containers without proper personal protective equipment (AAR, 1987). Stay upwind of fires, spills, and leaks involving this material, and avoid breathing the vapors (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1989).

Fires involving this agent should be approached only with caution (AAR, 1987).
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and appropriate chemical protective clothing should be worn (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1989). Chemical protective goggles, rubber gloves, and a self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn (ITI, 1985; CHRIS , 1989).

For normal handling, protective clothing to prevent any dermal contact or skin freezing and eye protection should be worn (Sittig, 1985). Any clothing that becomes wet or contaminated should be immediately removed (Sittig, 1985).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and appropriate chemical protective clothing should be worn (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1989). Chemical protective goggles, rubber gloves, and a self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn (ITI, 1985; CHRIS , 1989).

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 7783-06-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Neoprene

National Safety Wear

Nation splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natprene splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Nattuf splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe V

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neosafe VI

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Premier, Magnaprene

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene+Latex

Neese Industries, Inc.

Neoprene splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Neoprene+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natchem Splash Suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Paracril+PVC

National Safety Wear

Natweb splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natwork splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 3

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 1.8
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)
Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.01
Notes: gas
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Polyurethane

National Safety Wear

Natflex splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natsoft splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

Polyurethane splash suits

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Iron Eagle, Eagle

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

National Safety Wear

Natcide splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natcon splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite II splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natlite I splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Natpro splash suit

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Nat-Wear, 2001)

Neese Industries, Inc.

PVC splash suits

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

American, Scrim, DuraScrim, PVC Polyester, Double-Ply PVC, PVC Film

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Webdri, Safetyflex, Electra, ElectraBrite

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Natural Rubber

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Neoprene

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

Neoprene series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Neoprene III

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Molded Overshoes, Hand-Made Footwear

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Nitrile+PVC

Onguard Industries

Heartland

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane+PVC

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polyblend

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Superpoly

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Polyurethane Blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Polyvinyl Chloride

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

North -- Safety 4H

PVC Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Supreme

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

Tingley Rubber Corporation

Two Stage Injection Molded, Better Grade, General Purpose, Workbrutes

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Two Stage Injection Molded, Premier

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not reported
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: gas
Citation: (Tingley, 2002)

Rubber

North -- Safety 4H

Rubber Series - specific style not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (North, 2002)

Rubber blend

LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)

Onguard Industries

Polymax

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Standard

Degradation Rating: Good
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Bata Shoe Company, 1995)

Servus (Norcross Safety Products)

Not specified

Degradation Rating: Fair
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Listed
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Listed
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Servus, 1995)

GLOVES

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
LaCrosse-Rainfair Safety Products 18550 NE Riverside Parkway Portland, OR 97230 USA Phone: (800) 557-7246 Fax: (800) 558-0188 Toll-Free: (800) 557-7246 Website: http://www.lacrosserainfair.com Email: info@lacrossesafety.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
National Safety Wear 9 High Street Miora, NY 12957 USA Phone: (800) 833-7270 Fax: (518) 529-7401 Toll-Free: (800) 833-7270 Website: http://www.natwear.com Email: sales@natwear.com
Neese Industries, Inc. 10646 Airline Hwy Gonzales, LA 70737 USA Phone: (225) 647-6553 Fax: (225) 644-3517 Toll-Free: (800) 535-8042 Website: http://www.neeseind.com Email: customerservice@neeseind.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Onguard Industries 1850 Clark Road Havre de Grace, MD 21078 USA Phone: (410) 272-2000 Fax: (800) 304-2282 Toll-Free: (800) 365-2282 Website: http://www.onguardindustries.com Email: support@onguardindustries.com
Servus (Norcross Safety Products) 1136 Second St Rock Island, IL 61202 USA Phone: (800) 777-9021 Fax: (800) 267-6809 Toll-Free: (800) 777-9021 Website: http://www.servusproducts.com Email: info@nspusa.com
Tingley Rubber Corporation One Cragwood Road PO Box 100 South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA Phone: (800) 631-5498 Fax: (866) 757-9239 Toll-Free: (800) 631-5498 Website: http://www.tingleyrubber.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)
- These materials are extremely flammable.
- May form explosive mixtures with air.
- May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Hydrogen sulfide is extremely flammable and a dangerous fire risk (Sax & Lewis, 1987; AAR, 1987). It may be easily ignited by sparks, flames, or heat (AAR, 1987). It forms explosive mixtures with air over a wide range of concentrations (4.3 to 45 or 46 percent) (NFPA, 1986; (Sax & Lewis, 1989).
- All possible ignition sources including flames and sparks should be kept away from this material (AAR, 1987).
- All possible sources of ignition should be shut off (CHRIS , 1989).
Hydrogen sulfide gas is heavier than air (AAR, 1987) NFPA, 1986). The vapors from this material may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and then flash back over the vapor trail (AAR, 1987) NFPA, 1986; (ITI, 1985; CHRIS , 1989).
Fires involving this material should not be extinguished unless the flow of leaking material can be stopped (AAR, 1987),
Water may be used in flooding amounts as fog (AAR, 1987).
- Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1987).
Containers that are exposed to the heat of a fire should be cooled from the side with flooding amounts of water until well after the fire is extinguished (AAR, 1987; ITI, 1985; CHRIS , 1989).
- Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1987).
Containers should be moved from the area of the fire and leaks stopped if this can be done without undue hazard (AAR, 1987) NFPA, 1986; (CHRIS , 1989).
- Water spray or fog should be used to protect personnel attempting to stop leaks (NFPA, 1986; (CHRIS , 1989).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS7783-06-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Hydrogen Sulfide
Flammability Rating: 4

(4) Extremely flammable. Materials which will rapidly vaporize at normal pressure and temperature and will burn readily. Including: gases, cryogenic materials, any liquid or gaseous material having a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point below 100 degrees F, and materials which can form explosive mixtures with air.

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

TANK FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS7783-06-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Hydrogen Sulfide
Extinguishing Method(s): 6

6: Flammable gas fires are only safe to extinguish once the gas flow has been turned off. Attempting to fight a gas fire without turning off the gas can cause formation of an explosive gas cloud.

Fires involving this material should not be extinguished unless the flow of leaking material can be stopped (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1989).

Water may be used in flooding amounts as fog (AAR, 1987).

Water should be applied from as far away as possible (AAR, 1987).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Hydrogen sulfide releases oxides of sulfur fumes when heated to decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

In fire conditions, tank cars or cylinders may rupture and rocket (AAR, 1987).

Hydrogen sulfide forms explosive mixtures with air over a wide range of concentrations (4.3 to 45 or 46%) (NFPA, 1986; (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Hydrogen sulfide is mildly explosive when exposed to heat or flames (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

Hydrogen sulfide may explode if ignited in an enclosed area (CHRIS , 1989).

Hydrogen sulfide has a number of vigorous or potentially explosive reactions with other compounds. (See below under REACTIVITY HAZARD.)

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely hazardous poison by inhalation, and exposure can be rapidly FATAL (NFPA, 1986).

The vapors cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, and may paralyze the sense of smell giving the incorrect assumption that hazardous concentrations of the material are no longer present (AAR, 1987) NFPA, 1986).

Hydrogen sulfide releases oxides of sulfur fumes when heated to decomposition (Sax & Lewis, 1989).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Hydrogen sulfide is incompatible with metals and strong oxidizing substances (NIOSH , 1996; Sittig, 1991), such as (Pohanish & Green, 1997; (Urban, 1995) -

Acetaldehyde
Barium pentafluoride
Chlorine monoxide
Chloride trifluoride
Chromic anhydride
Copper
Lead dioxide
Nitric acid
Nitrogen trichloride
nitrogen trifluoride
Oxygen difluoride
Oxidizers
Phenyl diazonium chloride
Sodium
Sodium peroxide

Hydrogen sulfide has a vigorous reaction with metal powders such as copper and tungsten (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen sulfide has a dangerous reaction with fuming or strong nitric acid and strong oxidizing materials (NFPA, 1986).

Hydrogen sulfide explodes on contact with (Lewis, 1996):

Oxygen difluoride
Nitrogen trichloride
Bromine pentafluoride
Chlorine trifluoride
Dichlorine oxide
Silver fulminate

Hydrogen sulfide has potentially explosive or explosive reactions with (Lewis, 1996; Urban, 1995):

Copper + oxygen
Perchloryl fluoride (when heated to greater than 100 degrees C)
Oxygen (at temperatures greater than 280 degrees C)
4-Bromobenzenediazonium chloride (reacts forming an explosive product)

Hydrogen sulfide ignites on contact with (Lewis, 1996; Urban, 1995):

Metal Oxides

Barium peroxide
Chromium trioxide
Copper oxide
Lead dioxide
Manganese dioxide
Nickel oxide
Silver(I) oxide
Silver(II) oxide
Sodium peroxide
Thallium(III) oxide
Mercury oxide
Calcium oxide
Nickel oxide

Oxidants

Silver bromate
Heptasilver nitrate octaoxide
Dibismuth dichromium nonaoxide
Mercury(I) bromate
Lead(II) hypochlorite
Copper chromate
Fluorine
Nitric acid
Sodium peroxide
Lead(IV) oxide
Rust
Soda lime + air

Hydrogen Sulfide reacts violently with (Lewis, 1996):

Nitrogen triiodide
Nitrogen trifluoride
p-Bromobenzenediazonium chloride
Oxygen difluoride
Fluorine
Copper
Chlorine oxide
Bromine pentafluoride
Acetaldehyde
Barium oxide + mercury(II) oxide + air
Barium oxide + nickel oxide + air
Hydrated iron oxide
Phenyl diazonium chloride
Sodium hydroxide + calcium oxide + air

Hydrogen sulfide has an incandescent reaction with chromium trioxide (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen sulfide releases oxides of sulfur fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1996).

Hydrogen sulfide does not react with water or common materials and is stable during transport (CHRIS , 1999).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances (ERG, 2004)

Data presented from the Emergency Response Guidebook Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances are for use when a spill has occurred and there is no fire. If there is a fire, or if a fire is involved, evacuation information presented under FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES should be used.
Generally, a small spill is one that involves a single, small package such as a drum containing up to approximately 200 liters, a small cylinder, or a small leak from a large package. A large spill is one that involves a spill from a large package, or multiple spills from many small packages.
Suggested distances to protect from vapors of toxic-by-inhalation and/or water-reactive materials during the first 30 minutes following the spill.

DOT ID No. 1053 - Hydrogen sulfide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 2.1 kilometers (1.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 6.2 kilometers (3.9 miles).

DOT ID No. 1053 - Hydrogen sulfide, liquefied

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 2.1 kilometers (1.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 6.2 kilometers (3.9 miles).

DOT ID No. 1053 - Hydrogen sulphide

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 2.1 kilometers (1.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 6.2 kilometers (3.9 miles).

DOT ID No. 1053 - Hydrogen sulphide, liquefied

SMALL SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 30 meters (100 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 0.1 kilometers (0.1 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 0.3 kilometers (0.2 miles).

LARGE SPILLS

First isolate in all directions: 210 meters (700 feet).
Note wind direction.
Then protect persons downwind:

during the DAY for: 2.1 kilometers (1.3 miles); or
during the NIGHT for: 6.2 kilometers (3.9 miles).

SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance of at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

The hazard area should be isolated and entry denied to unnecessary persons (CHRIS , 1989).

Evacuation of an area one-half mile in radius should be considered if a fire becomes uncontrollable or if a container is directly exposed to flames (AAR, 1987).

If hydrogen sulfide is leaking but not on fire, evacuation of an area one-half mile in radius should be considered (AAR, 1987).

Evacuation area should be based on such considerations as the location of the spill, the amount of material spilled, and weather conditions (AAR, 1987).

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS7783-06-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Listed as Hydrogen Sulfide
ERPG-1 (units = ppm): 0.1
ERPG-2 (units = ppm): 30
ERPG-3 (units = ppm): 100
Under Ballot, Review, or Consideration: No
Definitions:

ERPG-1: The ERPG-1 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing more than mild, transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor.
ERPG-2: The ERPG-2 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.
ERPG-3: The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects.

DOE TEEL Values for CAS7783-06-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Hydrogen sulfide
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 0.51
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 0.51
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 27
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 50
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS7783-06-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.04 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.04 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.04 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.04 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 0.03 ppm
mg/m3: 0.04 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 42 ppm
mg/m3: 59 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 32 ppm
mg/m3: 45 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 28 ppm
mg/m3: 39 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 20 ppm
mg/m3: 28 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 17 ppm
mg/m3: 24 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Hydrogen sulfide
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 76 ppm
mg/m3: 106 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 60 ppm
mg/m3: 85 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 50 ppm
mg/m3: 71 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 37 ppm
mg/m3: 52 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 31 ppm
mg/m3: 44 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS7783-06-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 100 ppm
Note(s): Not Listed

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
- Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
- If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- Consider igniting spill or leak to eliminate toxic gas concerns.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 117 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection.
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.
Water spray may be used to reduce or knock down vapors (AAR, 1987; CHRIS , 1989).
- Vapor knock-down water may be corrosive and toxic, and should be contained with dikes for later disposal (AAR, 1987).
Spilled hydrogen sulfide can be neutralized with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (AAR, 1987).
Hydrogen sulfide may itself be recovered, or it can be converted to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid (Sittig, 1985).
The photosynthetic green bacterium Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum converts hydrogen sulfide in soil to elementary sulfur or sulfate (Kim et al, 1993).
Producer gas was used as a novel energy source for the biological removal of sulfate in a packed-bed anaerobic digester. The hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas from the sulfate reduction was stripped off in the anaerobic digester and oxidized to elemental sulfur. The results showed that both hydrogen and carbon monoxide, in the producer gas, were used during the sulfate reduction (Dupreez et al, 1992).
The photosynthetic bacterium, chlorobium thiosulfatophilum, is able to convert water soluble hydrogen sulfide (H2S) into elemental sulfur or sulfate. In a batch reactor test substrate inhibition was observed at H2S concentrations above 5.7 mM. Light inhibition was found at 40,000 lux. Light was found to be the most important growth parameter and was attenuated through scattering by sulfur particles and absorption by the bacterial cells. A mathematical model was developed for the process and produced results that were in good agreement with the experiments (Kim et al, 1992).

SMALL LEAK/SPILL

Leaking cylinders can be placed into or near a hood and allowed to bleed off (ITI, 1985).
Hydrogen sulfide can be passed through a ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution using a trap line to prevent back siphoning (ITI, 1985).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

Land Spills (AAR, 1987)
- Surface flow of liquid material should be diked with soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.
- Bulk liquid spills may be adsorbed with cement powder or fly ash.
- Spilled material can be neutralized with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Water Spills (AAR, 1987)
- Hydrogen sulfide spilled into water may be neutralized with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Air Spills (AAR, 1987)
- Vapors can be knocked down or diluted with water spray or mist.

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Hydrogen sulfide gas in sewer systems is a common source of odor nuisance, corrosion to sewer pipes, and toxic atmospheres. The gas buildup in sewer air may be related to sulfide concentrations in the flowing sewage and other factors such as surface roughness and turbulence. In this study a computer model was constructed to forecast hydrogen sulfide buildup along gravity sewers. The model predicted behavior of fluid in sewers very well when tested on an actual sewer line in Funchal city (Matos & Desousa, 1992).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

SOIL: Air-dry and moist soils have substantial capacity for sorption of hydrogen sulfide from air and converting the majority of sulfide to elemental sulfur.

Forty-two different soils were evaluated and the amount of elemental sulfur correlated with the amount of manganese in the soil, suggesting that manganese compounds catalyze oxidation of sulfide to sulfur (Cihacek & Bremner, 1993).

BIOACCUMULATION

PLANTS

AQUATIC
- Hydrogen sulfide does not concentrate in the food chain (CHRIS , 1989).

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Hydrogen sulfide is harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations, and may be hazardous if it enters water intakes (CHRIS , 1989).

Hydrogen sulfide should be kept out of water sources and sewers (AAR, 1987).
Local pollution control and health and wildlife authorities, as well as operators of water intakes in the vicinity, should be notified of water spills (CHRIS , 1989).

Aquatic Toxicity (CHRIS , 1989)

TLm Fathead Minnows (fresh water): 1.38 ppm for 48 hours
Lethal Bullia (salt water): water at saturation concentration for 0.5 hour

No data were available on waterfowl toxicity or Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) for hydrogen sulfide (CHRIS , 1989).

The polychaete, Clymenella torquata, Leidy, became acclimated to porewater hydrogen sulfide over two 2-month periods, as temperatures increased. The worm also was able to alter hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the sediment, perhaps through irrigation techniques. These outcomes indicate non-lethal effects of hydrogen sulfide on the species' ecology, allowing it to live in and possibly exploit an environment in which other benthic polychaetes cannot survive (Fuller, 1994).

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

34.08 (RTECS , 1999)

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a rotten-egg odor perceptible in air at a concentration of 0.02 to 0.13 ppm (Budavari, 1996)

Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, heavier-than-air, colorless gas with a strong, offensive sulfur or "rotten eggs" odor and a sweetish taste (AAR, 1996; NIOSH, 1999; NFPA, 1986; (Lewis, 1996; Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996; CHRIS , 1999).

Olfactory fatigue rapidly develops in hydrogen sulfide contaminated atmospheres, and perception of the odor is not reliable to warn of the continued presence of this gas (AAR, 1996).

Hydrogen sulfide sinks in and boils in water, producing a poisonous, visible, flammable vapor cloud (CHRIS , 1999).

Hydrogen sulfide burns with a pale blue flame in air (Budavari, 1996).

The pH of a freshly prepared solution of water, glycerol, and hydrogen sulfide is 4.5 (Budavari, 1996).

VAPOR PRESSURE

20 atm (at 25.5 degrees C) (Lewis, 1986);

1 atm (at -60.4 degrees C) (HSDB , 1999)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

GAS: 1.19 (air = 1) (Budavari, 1996)

DENSITY

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(0 degrees C; 32 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
1.5392 g/L (Budavari, 1996)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.916 g/mL (at -60 degrees) (CHRIS , 1999)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-83.8 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

MELTING POINT

-85.5 degrees C (Lewis, 1996; Budavari, 1996)

BOILING POINT

-60 degrees C; -76 degrees F (NFPA, 1986)

-60.2 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

-60.4 degrees C (Lewis, 1996)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

260 degrees C; 500 degrees F (NFPA, 1986; Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1996; Budavari, 1996)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

4.3% (Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1996; Budavari, 1996)
4.0-4.3% (NFPA, 1986; (CHRIS , 1999)

UPPER

46% (Lewis, 1997; (Lewis, 1996; Budavari, 1996)
44-45% (NFPA, 1986; (CHRIS , 1999)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Hydrogen sulfide is soluble in water (NFPA, 1986; (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999).

Water solutions of hydrogen sulfide are not stable; absorbed oxygen leads to the formation of elemental sulfur and such solutions rapidly become turbid (Budavari, 1996).

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Hydrogen sulfide is soluble in glycerol, alcohol, gasoline, crude oil, and kerosene (NFPA, 1986; (Lewis, 1993; Budavari, 1996; HSDB , 1999).

HENRY'S CONSTANT

5.15x10(2) atm (at 20 degrees C) (Corbitt, 1990)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

ODOR THRESHOLD

0.0047 ppm (CHRIS , 2002)

DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

8.1, 14.9 pKa (Baselt & Cravey, 1995)

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National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Selenium Hexafluoride (Proposed). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. 2006f. Available from URL: http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648020ec55&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf. As accessed 2010-08-16.

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