ETHYL BENZENE

Ethylbenzene is a petrochemical used in synthetic rubber and plastic production; as a solvent and diluent; in automotive and aviation fuels; in the production of cellulose acetate; as a chemical precursor for styrene; as a resin solvent; in alkyl surface coatings; as a chemical intermediate in the production of diethylbenzene, acetophenone, ethyl anthraquinone, ethylbenzene sulfonic acids, propylene oxide, and alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol; it is also an unrecovered component of gasoline (ACGIH, 1991a; Budavari, 1996a; Bingham et al, 2001a; Hathaway et al, 1996a; HSDB, 2001).

FORMS

Ethylbenzene is available in the following grades of purity: "research grade: 99.98%; pure grade: 99.5%; technical grade: 99.0%" (CHRIS, 2001).

SOURCES

Ethylbenzene can be prepared from acetophenone; by dehydrogenation of naphthenes; by catalytic cyclization and aromatization or alkylation of benzene (using a phosphoric acid, alumina-silica, aluminum trichloride, or boron trifluoride catalyst); by the superfractionation of mixed xylene; reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide and chlorobenzene; extraction from coal oil; recovery from benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) processing; or by reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide with chlorobenzene in the presence of dichloro(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane nickel(II)) (Ashford, 1994a; ATSDR, 1999; Bingham et al, 2001a; HSDB, 2001; Lewis, 1993).
Ethylbenzene is a natural component of soil (Dragun, 1988a).
Ethylbenzene has been detected in atmospheric air, is present in the gaseous phase of cigarette smoke, and is a constituent of urban air pollution (Clayton & Clayton, 1982).
INDUSTRIAL GRADE XYLENE: Industrial grade xylene contains approximately 20 percent ethylbenzene as a contaminant (ACGIH, 1991a).

-CLINICAL EFFECTS

GENERAL CLINICAL EFFECTS

Ethylbenzene is an eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant.

Exposure to ethylbenzene at significant concentrations may cause profuse lacrimation, conjunctivitis, nasal and respiratory tract irritation, chest constriction, vertigo, ataxia, headache, irritability, and functional nervous system disturbances. Narcosis may also occur.

Chronic exposure in humans may cause fatigue, sleepiness, headache, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract.

In experimental animals, exposure to ethylbenzene has caused eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritation; changes in liver and kidney weights; CNS depression; pulmonary edema; respiratory failure; leukocytosis; and increased platelet counts.

POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes.
Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

ACUTE CLINICAL EFFECTS

The main route of entry for ethyl benzene is inhalation (Fishbein, 1985). It can also be absorbed through the skin (Clayton & Clayton, 1994).

Ethyl benzene may be a skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant and a central nervous system (CNS) depressant at sufficient doses. At 200 ppm, it is transiently irritating to the eyes, 1,000 ppm causes further irritation and tearing, 2,000 ppm results in immediate and severe irritation and tearing, and 5,000 ppm is intolerable (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Tolerance to the irritant effects at 1,000 ppm develops rapidly (Hathaway et al, 1996).

The effective dose for CNS depression in experimental animals was 10,000 ppm (ACGIH, 1991). Symptoms of CNS depression include headache, nausea, weakness, dizziness, sleepiness, loss of coordination, judgement and consciousness, coma, and death. Inhalation of 85 ppm produced fatigue, insomnia, headache, and mild irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract in humans (Haley & Berndt, 1987).

In a controlled study, 60 percent of an inhaled ethyl benzene dose was retained in the respiratory tract during exposure (Bardodej & Bardidejova, 1966).

Ethyl benzene is a pulmonary aspiration hazard (HSDB , 2000; Clayton & Clayton, 1994). Pulmonary aspiration of even small amounts of the liquid may cause fatal chemical pneumonitis. Do not drink this product. Do not pipet or siphon by mouth. If accidentally swallowed, do not induce vomiting.

CHRONIC CLINICAL EFFECTS

Prolonged exposure to ethyl benzene may result in CNS, upper respiratory tract, blood, and liver disorders (ILO, 1983). Chronic exposure to airborne concentrations greater than 100 ppm produced fatigue, headache, drowsiness, and mild eye and respiratory irritation (Hathaway et al, 1996). Benzene and some alkylbenzene compounds can cause bone marrow depression, but no original studies were found showing this effect with ethyl benzene.

Ethyl benzene was not a skin sensitizer in human volunteers (ACGIH, 1991).

Slight liver and kidney changes occurred in rats exposed to 600 ppm for up to 16 weeks (Elovaara, 1985; pp 29-31). The level of exposure, not the duration, affected the metabolism of ethyl benzene in rats (Engstrom, 1985).

-MEDICAL TREATMENT

LIFE SUPPORT

Support respiratory and cardiovascular function.

SUMMARY

FIRST AID - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Move victim to fresh air.
Call 911 or emergency medical service.
Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.
Wash skin with soap and water.
Keep victim warm and quiet.
In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.
Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves.

FIRST AID

FIRST AID

EYE EXPOSURE - Immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles), as defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be used when working with this chemical. Face shields should only be worn over primary eye protection.

Contact lens use is not recommended when working with this chemical. If contact lenses are worn, then appropriate eye and face protection devices must be used. OSHA emphasizes that dusty and/or chemical environments may represent an additional hazard to contact lens wearers.

DERMAL EXPOSURE - Flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.
INHALATION EXPOSURE - Move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.
ORAL EXPOSURE - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.
TARGET ORGANS - Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and CNS (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007; OSHA, 2000).

INHALATION EXPOSURE -

INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Consider systemic corticosteroids in patients with significant bronchospasm.
If bronchospasm and wheezing occur, consider treatment with inhaled sympathomimetic agents.
ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gases and/or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.

DERMAL EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and jewelry and place them in plastic bags. Wash exposed areas with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes with gentle sponging to avoid skin breakdown. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists (Burgess et al, 1999).
Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines.
Some chemicals can produce systemic poisoning by absorption through intact skin. Carefully observe patients with dermal exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

EYE EXPOSURE -

DECONTAMINATION: Remove contact lenses and irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature 0.9% saline or water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist after 15 minutes of irrigation, the patient should be seen in a healthcare facility.

ORAL EXPOSURE -

Because of the potential for CNS depression or gastrointestinal tract irritation, DO NOT induce emesis.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: Administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Usual dose: 25 to 100 g in adults/adolescents, 25 to 50 g in children (1 to 12 years), and 1 g/kg in infants less than 1 year old.
Carefully observe patients with ingestion exposure for the development of any systemic signs or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as necessary.

-RANGE OF TOXICITY

MINIMUM LETHAL EXPOSURE

GENERAL/SUMMARY

The minimum lethal human dose to this agent has not been delineated.

ANIMAL DATA

Exposure to 10,000 ppm for 2 to 3 hours produced immediate and intense eye and nose irritation, ataxia, narcosis, and death in guinea pigs; exposure to 5000 ppm was lethal within or after 8 hours (Hathaway et al, 1996).
When exposed to a 1 percent concentration of ethylbenzene vapor in air, guinea pigs undergo ataxia, tremor of the extremities, loss of consciousness, and death from respiratory failure. Edematous congestion of the brains and lungs were pathological findings (Lewis, 2000).

MAXIMUM TOLERATED EXPOSURE

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

A 0.1% concentration of ethylene vapor in air is irritating to human eyes, while a concentration of 0.2% is extremely irritating to the nose and throat, resulting in dizziness and a sense of constriction in the chest (Lewis, 2000).
Six human subjects exposed to 200 ppm ethylbenzene experienced transient eye irritation; at 1000 ppm, there was eye irritation with profuse lacrimation, but tolerance developed rapidly.

With exposure to 2000 ppm, eye irritation and lacrimation were immediate and severe and were accompanied by moderate nasal irritation, chest constriction, and vertigo; 5000 ppm produced intolerable irritation to the eyes and nose (ACGIH, 1991).

With human chronic exposures to airborne concentrations exceeding 100 ppm, complaints included fatigue, headache, sleepiness, and mild irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract (Hathaway et al, 1996).
In human subjects, 22 to 33 mg/cm(2) per hour was the rate of ethylbenzene absorption through the skin of the hand and forearm (Hathaway et al, 1996).

ANIMAL DATA

Repeated oral administration of ethylbenzene to female rats, 5 days/week for a period of 6 months at doses of 13.6 or 136 mg/kg/day, produced no apparent effects in these animals (ACGIH, 1991).
Repeated inhalation exposure to an airborne concentrations of 400 ppm ethylbenzene had no apparent effect on guinea pigs, rabbits, and rhesus monkeys, but a slight increase in liver and kidney weights in both sexes of rats was noted (ACGIH, 1991).
Slight conjuctival irritation, but no corneal injury resulted when two drops of ethylbenzene liquid were placed in the eyes of a rabbit. Dermal application of liquid ethylbenzene to rabbits produced erythema, exfoliation, and vesiculation (Hathaway et al, 1996).

Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS100-41-4 :

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Ethyl benzene

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010): A3 ; Listed as: Ethyl benzene

A3 :Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011): D ; Listed as: Ethylbenzene

D : Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2016; International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2010a; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2008; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2007; IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2006; IARC, 2004): 2B ; Listed as: Ethylbenzene

2B : The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007): Not Listed ; Listed as: Ethyl benzene
MAK (DFG, 2002): Category 3A ; Listed as: Ethylbenzene

Category 3A : Substances for which the criteria for classification in Category 4 or 5 are fulfilled but for which the database is insufficient for the establishment of a MAK value.

NTP (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Project ): Not Listed

TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT VALUES

EPA IRIS

EPA Risk Assessment Values for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011):

Oral:

Slope Factor:
RfD: 1x10(-1) mg/kg-day

Inhalation:

Unit Risk:
RfC: 1 mg/m3

Drinking Water:

Unit Risk:

TOXICITY VALUES

References: ATSDR, 1999 Bingham et al, 2001 Budavari, 1996 CHRIS, 2001 ) ITI, 1995 Lewis, 2000 OHM/TADS, 2001 RTECS, 2001
- LC- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LC50- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)GUINEA_PIG:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- LCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- LD50- (INTRAPERITONEAL)MOUSE:
- LD50- (SKIN)RABBIT:
- LD50- (ORAL)RAT:
- LD50- (SKIN)RAT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (SUBCUTANEOUS)HUMAN:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)MOUSE:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RABBIT:
- TCLo- (INHALATION)RAT:
- TDLo- (OCULAR)HUMAN:

CALCULATIONS

AMBIENT CONVERSIONS

4.35 mg/m(3) = 1 ppm (at 1 atm and 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999; HSDB , 2001)
1 mg/m(3) = 0.23 ppm (ATSDR, 1999)
4.34 mg/m(3) = 1 ppm (at 1 atm) (Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2001)

-STANDARDS AND LABELS

WORKPLACE STANDARDS

ACGIH TLV Values for CAS100-41-4 (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2010):

Editor's Note: The listed values are recommendations or guidelines developed by ACGIH(R) to assist in the control of health hazards. They should only be used, interpreted and applied by individuals trained in industrial hygiene. Before applying these values, it is imperative to read the introduction to each section in the current TLVs(R) and BEI(R) Book and become familiar with the constraints and limitations to their use. Always consult the Documentation of the TLVs(R) and BEIs(R) before applying these recommendations and guidelines.

Adopted Value

Ethyl benzene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: (100 ppm)
TLV-STEL: (125 ppm)
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): (URT and eye irr; CNS impair)
Molecular Weight: 106.16

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

Additional information:

See Notice of Intended Changes; Adopted values enclosed in parentheses are those for which changes are proposed in the Notice of Intended Changes.

Notice of Intended Changes

Ethyl benzene

TLV:

TLV-TWA: 20 ppm
TLV-STEL:
TLV-Ceiling:

Notations and Endnotes:

Carcinogenicity Category: A3
Codes: BEI
Definitions:

A3: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans: The agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) that may not be relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemiologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans. Available evidence does not suggest that the agent is likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.
BEI: The BEI notation is listed when a BEI is also recommended for the substance listed. Biological monitoring should be instituted for such substances to evaluate the total exposure from all sources, including dermal, ingestion, or non-occupational.

TLV Basis - Critical Effect(s): URT irr; kidney dam; cochlear impair
Molecular Weight: 106.16

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from ppm to mg/m(3):

[(TLV in ppm)(gram molecular weight of substance)]/24.45

For gases and vapors, to convert the TLV from mg/m(3) to ppm:

[(TLV in mg/m(3))(24.45)]/gram molecular weight of substance

AIHA WEEL Values for CAS100-41-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

NIOSH REL and IDLH Values for CAS100-41-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

Listed as: Ethyl benzene
REL:

TWA: 100 ppm (435 mg/m(3))
STEL: 125 ppm (545 mg/m(3))
Ceiling:
Carcinogen Listing: (Not Listed) Not Listed
Skin Designation: Not Listed
Note(s):

IDLH:

IDLH: 800 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

[10%LEL]: The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

OSHA PEL Values for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety, and Health Administration (OSHA), 2010):

Listed as: Ethyl benzene
Table Z-1 for Ethyl benzene:

8-hour TWA:

ppm: 100

Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25 degrees C and 760 torr.

mg/m3: 435

Milligrams of substances per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate.

Ceiling Value:
Skin Designation: No
Notation(s): Not Listed

OSHA List of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2010):

Not Listed

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information: The following spent non-halogenated solvents and the still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents. (F003)
Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Final Reportable Quantity, in pounds (kilograms):

1000 (454)

Additional Information:

EPA CERCLA, Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities, Radionuclides for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Number for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b):

Not Listed
Editor's Note: The D, F, and K series waste numbers and Appendix VIII to Part 261 -- Hazardous Constituents were not included. Please refer to 40 CFR Part 261.

EPA SARA Title III, Extremely Hazardous Substance List for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010):

Not Listed

EPA SARA Title III, Community Right-to-Know for CAS100-41-4 (40 CFR 372.65, 2006; 40 CFR 372.28, 2006):

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Effective Date for Reporting Under 40 CFR 372.30: 1/1/87
Lower Thresholds for Chemicals of Special Concern under 40 CFR 372.28:

DOT List of Marine Pollutants for CAS100-41-4 (49 CFR 172.101 - App. B, 2005):

Not Listed

EPA TSCA Inventory for CAS100-41-4 (EPA, 2005):

Listed as: Benzene, ethyl-

SHIPPING REGULATIONS

SURFACE

DOT -- Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for UN/NA Number 1175 (49 CFR 172.101, 2005):

Hazardous materials descriptions and proper shipping name: Ethylbenzene

Symbol(s): Not Listed
Hazard class or Division: 3

3: Flammable and combustible liquid. See 49 CFR section 173.120 for definitions.

Identification Number: UN1175
Packing Group: II

II: Packing Group II - indicates the degree of danger presented by the material is medium.

Label(s) required (if not excepted): 3

3: Flammable Liquid.

Special Provisions: IB2, T4, TP1

IB2: Authorized IBCs: Metal (31A, 31B and 31N); Rigid plastics (31H1 and 31H2); Composite (31HZ1). Additional Requirement: Only liquids with a vapor pressure less than or equal to 110 kPa at 50 °C (1.1 bar at 122 °F), or 130kPa at 55 °C (1.3 bar at 131 °F) are authorized.
T4: Minimum test pressure (bar): 2.65; Minimum shell thickness (in mm-reference steel) (See sxn.178.274(d)): sxn.178.274(d)(2); Pressure-relief requirements (See sxn.178.275(g)): Normal; Bottom opening requirements (See sxn.178.275(d)): sxn.178.275(d)(3).
TP1: The maximum degree of filling must not exceed the degree of filling determined by the following: [Degree of filling = 97/1+alpha(tr - tf)], where tr is the maximum mean bulk temperature during transport, and tf is the temperature in degrees celsius of the liquid during filling.

Packaging Authorizations (refer to 49 CFR 173.***):

Exceptions: 150
Non-bulk packaging: 202
Bulk packaging: 242

Quantity Limitations:

Passenger aircraft or railcar: 5 L
Cargo aircraft only: 60 L

Vessel Stowage Requirements:

Vessel stowage location: B

B: (i) The material may be stowed "on deck" or "under deck" on a cargo vessel and on a passenger vessel carrying a number of passengers limited to not more than the larger of 25 passengers, or one passenger per each 3 m of overall vessel length; and (ii) "On deck only" on passenger vessels in which the number of passengers specified in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section is exceeded.

Vessel stowage other: Not Listed

ICAO International Shipping Name for UN1175 (ICAO, 2002):

Proper Shipping Name: Ethylbenzene
UN Number: 1175

LABELS

NFPA

NFPA Hazard Ratings for CAS100-41-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Hazard Ratings:

Health Rating (Blue): 2

(2) Moderately toxic material. Intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given.

Flammability Rating (Red): 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

Instability Rating (Yellow): 0

(0) Materials which are normally stable, even under fire conditions, and which are not reactive with water.

Oxidizer/Water-Reactive Designation: Not Listed

-HANDLING AND STORAGE

HANDLING

Rubber gloves, a face shield, safety glasses, coveralls, and a multipurpose gas mask should be worn (ITI, 1995).

Broken packages should not be handled by personnel unless they are wearing appropriate protective clothing (AAR, 2000).

STORAGE

CONTAINER

Containers should be protected against physical damage (ITI, 1995; Sittig, 1991).
The temperature should be ambient and the venting open (flame arrester) or pressure-vacuum (HSDB , 2001).
"Containers: Glass bottles, cans, drums, tank cars - trucks - barges" (OHM/TADS , 2001).

ROOM/CABINET RECOMMENDATIONS

Ethylbenzene should be stored outside or in a detached storage area (NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
If outside storage is not possible, ethylbenzene should be stored in a flammable liquids storage warehouse, cabinet, or room (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
"Before workers are allowed to enter a reaction vessel, the vessel should be purged and well ventilated. Personal protective equipment should be supplied" (HSDB , 2001).

INCOMPATIBILITIES

Separate from oxidizing agents, ignitable materials, and acute fire hazards (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; Sittig, 1991).
Ethylbenzene is incompatible with nitric acid (Sittig, 1991).

-PERSONAL PROTECTION

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

Avoid breathing vapors of ethylbenzene by keeping upwind. To prevent repeated or prolonged dermal contact, wear appropriate protective clothing, including rubber overclothing, boots, gloves, goggles, and a self-contained breathing apparatus. Wash wet or contaminated skin promptly with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Remove wet or contaminated clothing immediately to avoid fire hazard; contaminated clothing and shoes must be removed and isolated at the site (AAR, 2001; (HSDB , 2001; NIOSH , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001; Sittig, 1991).

In emergency response situations, a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing must be worn (NFPA, 1997).

Employers must prevent employee contact with ethylbenzene by providing proper protective clothing, barrier creams, washing facilities, storage facilities, and medical control (HSDB , 2001).

EYE/FACE PROTECTION

Appropriate eye protection must be worn when working with ethylbenzene (NIOSH , 2001).

CHRIS (2001) recommends the use of safety glasses.

Do not wear contact lenses when working with ethylbenzene (HSDB , 2001)

"If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids" (NIOSH , 2001).

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Refer to "Recommendations for respirator selection" in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards on TOMES Plus(R) for respirator information.

In emergency response situations, a positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn (NFPA, 1997).

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. Search results for CAS 100-41-4.

All data are compiled from published sources and are NOT recommended specifically by Truven Health Analytics. The appearance of specific manufacturers or products in this section does not represent an endorsement by Truven Health Analytics. No attempt has been made to verify the data presented. All product recommendations should be confirmed with the specific manufacturer for verification of product performance.
CLOTHING

Plastic Laminate

DuPont Personal Protection

CPF 4

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Responder Plus

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 10,000

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 0.008
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 7500

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem 9400

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem BR

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem LV

Degradation Rating: Not Listed
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2003)

Tychem QC

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem SL

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Tychem TK

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.001
Notes: liquid
Citation: (DuPont, 2002)

Kimberly-Clark Professional

Hazard-Gard I

Degradation Rating: not tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Hazard-Gard II

Degradation Rating: PASS
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 92
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 11.64
Notes: liquid
Citation: (Kimberly-Clark, 2002)

Teflon Laminate

Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc.

Commander Ultrapro

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >180
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): <0.1
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)

FOOTWEAR

Specific recommendations and test data for this product type were not found in the available manufacturers' product literature.

GLOVES

Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Butyl 878

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Fluorosolv

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-467

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Natural Rubber

Best Manufacturing

Original Nitty Gritty

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 5
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 38
Notes: Tested under limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Neoprene

Best Manufacturing

Chloroflex 723

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 87
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Neoprene 6780 Series

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 31
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 125
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 31
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultraflex Neoprene 32

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Tested
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Tested
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stanzoil/NL-34

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): <1
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 128
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Stanzoil NK-22

Degradation Rating: Poor
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 7.7
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 261
Notes: 0.985
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Neoprene+NatR

Best Manufacturing

Chem Master CHM

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 13
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 87
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitrile

Best Manufacturing

N-DEX 7005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

N-DEX 8005

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 59
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 364
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Nitri-Solve 727

Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 43
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 124
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Good (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 130
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 10
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Ultimate N-Dex 9905

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 2
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 364
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 4
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 59
Notes: Tested with Limited Exposure Method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

Ultraflex Nitrile 22R

Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Poor (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): None Detected
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 26
Notes: Tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

MAPA Spontex, Inc.

Stansolv/AK-22

Degradation Rating: Not Tested
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 28
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 128
Notes: 99%
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2004)

Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC

Cobra F-466

Degradation Rating: Excellent
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None detected
Notes: 0.99
Citation: (MAPA Professional, 2003)

Nitrile+PVC

Best Manufacturing

Hustler 725R

Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): 65
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): 13
Notes: tested through limited exposure method (ATSM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)
Degradation Rating: Fair (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Plastic Laminate

North -- Safety 4H

Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 21 degrees C; 70 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)
Degradation Rating: No Degradation Rating provided
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not reported
Notes: tested at 35 degrees C; 95 degrees F
Citation: (Safety 4, 2002)

Polyvinyl Chloride

Best Manufacturing

Black Knight 7712R

Degradation Rating: Not Recommended (after 60 minutes)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): Not Recommended
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): Not Recommended
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2002)

Viton over Butyl

Best Manufacturing

Viton #890

Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >480
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Not Listed
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)
Degradation Rating: Excellent (after 60 minutes of testing)
Breakthrough Time (minutes): >240
Permeation Rate (mcg/cm2/min): None Detected
Notes: Tested with limited exposure method (ASTM F 1383)
Citation: (Best Manufacturing, 2004)

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section provides a compilation of chemical resistance information and test data for specific protective clothing products. Chemical resistance information includes both degradation resistance ratings and permeation resistance data. This information is designed to assist in the selection of appropriate protective clothing. Only data on specific products and manufacturers are included. Generic information or recommendations are not provided since significant differences can exist in the chemical resistance for apparent similar product types.
Specific product information is organized by general product type (gloves, garments, and footwear), material type, and manufacturer. The category 'garments' may include totally encapsulating suits, splash suits, as well as other items (e.g., coveralls, jackets, and aprons). Specific manufacturers should be contacted to determine the features of available styles/models.
In addition to chemical resistance information, there are many critical variables in the selection of protective clothing which cannot be represented in this summary of the literature. Some factors to be considered in choosing protective clothing include, but are not limited to: overall clothing integrity, physical hazard resistance, durability, human factors, ease of decontamination, and cost. Overall clothing integrity refers to a specific design's ability to offer consistent protection for all clothing-covered areas of the body. Physical hazards include resisting the effects of abrasion, cuts, tears, and punctures. Human factors entail effects on wearer mobility, visibility, and hearing for garments; dexterity, tactility, and grip for gloves; ankle support and weight for footwear; and, any effect of the clothing on the function of the wearer. There are several variations in the design for gloves, garments, and footwear that affect these factors. Protective clothing must properly be sized and correctly fit the wearer to ensure its proper use and function.
As required in the U.S.A., protective clothing should be selected based on a risk assessment of the workplace. This risk assessment must account for the identification of existing as well as potential hazards and involve the recommendation of protective clothing appropriate for the identified hazards. Therefore, the recommendations in this section should not be used as the sole basis for decisions on choice of protective clothing, but rather should be used as a tool by qualified occupational health and safety professionals or other technically qualified persons in conjunction with a review of all mitigating factors. Consult the OSHA PPE Standard (29 CFR 1910.132 - 1910.138) for regulations and additional guidance regarding the selection and use of protective clothing and equipment. For general information on protective clothing selection, refer to the "PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - OSHA PUB 3077" document.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SELECTION

Determine the type of protective clothing item needed based on a risk assessment (e.g., gloves, garments, footwear).
For high risk situations, choose clothing that covers all parts of the body that may be exposed. In many cases, multiple clothing items will be required. Low risk situations may permit partial body protective clothing. Select protective clothing products that have reported chemical resistance data. High risk situations involving full body clothing or extended chemical contact often require permeation resistance data to determine the barrier effectiveness of materials used in the construction of clothing. Relatively low risk situations, where only splash or incidental exposure occur, may allow use of protective clothing based on degradation or penetration resistance data. Specifics on the interpretation of chemical resistance data are presented below.
Other factors must be considered in addition to chemical resistance. The selected chemical protective clothing item should offer the optimal combination of protection against identified hazards while allowing maximum function and comfort.

INTERPRETATION OF DEGRADATION RATINGS

Degradation refers to physical changes in a material as the result of chemical exposure. Degradation may become evident in visible changes, such as discoloration, swelling, delamination, deterioration, or disintegration. Degradation effects may also be measured by weight change or other changes in a material's physical properties (e.g., strength, elasticity, hardness).
Degradation resistance ratings are provided by manufacturers to rate the amount of degradation that occurs for a particular protective clothing material when contacted by a chemical. All degradation ratings are qualitative and include ratings, such as "EXCELLENT," "GOOD," "FAIR," "POOR," and "NOT RECOMMENDED." There is no standard test method for the measurement of chemical degradation resistance; therefore, manufacturer ratings may be based on different testing approaches. This makes comparison of degradation ratings between manufacturers unreliable.
The use of degradation resistance ratings alone to recommend protective clothing, particularly for high hazard situations, should be avoided. Degradation resistance testing does not directly assess the barrier quality of protective clothing, since materials can show relatively little degradation but still allow either permeation or penetration by a chemical. Degradation resistance ratings can be used to exclude protective clothing materials from consideration. Protective clothing materials with a "NOT RECOMMENDED" degradation resistance rating should never be used.
For some products, the rating "NO PENETRATION" is provided. This refers to penetration resistance test results that are based on a different procedure (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 903). Penetration resistance testing involves placing a material sample in a test cell, exposing the exterior side of the material to a chemical, and then observing the interior side of the material for visible signs of liquid penetration. Part of the test is conducted at an elevated pressure. Test results are reported as pass (no penetration) or fail (penetration detected). Unlike degradation testing, penetration testing provides an assessment of protective clothing material barrier performance. Since penetration resistance testing examines only observable amounts of liquid penetration, permeation may still occur. The use of penetration resistance data must be restricted to liquid chemicals, and should be limited to scenarios where there is no reasonable vapor exposure hazard under the conditions of exposure.

INTERPRETATION OF PERMEATION DATA

Permeation is the process of chemical movement through a material on a molecular level. Permeation resistance refers to the ability of a material to retard or prevent chemical movement through it. Permeation may occur without any visible signs of degradation.
Permeation resistance is measured using a test cell which is divided into two halves by a protective clothing specimen. Chemical is placed on the challenge side, while the collection side is periodically monitored for permeating chemical. Permeation data were obtained in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method F 739 (Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Permeation by Liquids and Gases), unless stated otherwise. In the case of chemicals that are classified as warfare agents, the data were obtained in accordance with the Military Standard 282 (MIL-STD-282) (Military Standard, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components, and Related Products: Performance Test Methods).
Permeation rate is the amount of chemical that passes through a material for a measured surface area per unit time. In this section, permeation rate is expressed in micrograms per square centimeter per minute (mcg/cm(2)/min). The reported permeation rate is either the steady-state rate or the maximum rate observed during testing. In some cases, very large permeation rates exceed measurement techniques and are reported as ">" (greater than) or "HIGH."
Breakthrough time is the elapsed time, in minutes, from the time the chemical comes in contact with the material exterior surface, to the time that chemical is detected on the interior surface. When no breakthrough is detected, the breakthrough time is report as ">" the testing period. If permeation breakthrough is rapid, results are reported as "<" (less than) the earlier sampling time or as "IMMEDIATELY" (which usually means breakthrough in less than 4 minutes).
The breakthrough time should exceed the expected use period of the selected protective clothing. Additionally, there are several other factors that must be taken into account to provide appropriate protection.
Permeation testing is usually conducted with full strength, undiluted chemical for the duration of the test period. Actual exposures may involve diluted chemical for short or intermittent exposure periods.
Permeation testing is usually conducted at room temperature. Permeation occurs faster at elevated temperatures (short breakthrough times and higher permeation rates) and slower at reduced temperatures (long breakthrough times and lower permeation rates).
Permeation resistance of mixtures cannot usually be determined on the basis of the individual chemicals making up the mixture. Synergistic effects may occur and result in more rapid permeation than accounted for by the individual mixture chemicals.
Permeation rates may be used to calculate potential wearer exposure; however, several assumptions must be made about the extent of exposure and condition of clothing wear. Furthermore, there are few chemicals with dermal exposure limits, making it difficult to determine an acceptable skin exposure level.

COMPANY INFORMATION

Best Manufacturing 579 Edison Street Menlo, GA 30731 USA Phone: (706) 862-2302 Fax: (706) 862-6000 Toll-Free: (800) 241-0323 Website: http://www.bestglove.com Email: USA@bestglove.com
DuPont Personal Protection P. O. Box 80705 Wilmington, DE 19880-0705 USA Phone: (302) 774-1000 Toll-Free: (800) 931-3456 Website: http://personalprotection.dupont.com Email: personalprotection@usa.dupont.com
Kimberly-Clark Professional 1400 Holcomb Bridge Road Roswell, GA 30076 Phone: (800) 255-6401 Fax: (800) 579-3555 Toll-Free: (800) 255-6401 Website: http://www.kcprofessional.com/us/ Email: kcpinfo@kcc.com
MAPA Spontex, Inc. 100 Spontex Dr. Columbia, TN 38401 USA Phone: (800) 537--2897 Fax: (800) 537--3299 Website: http://www.mapaglove.com Email: sales@mapaglove.com
Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc. P. O. Box P.O. Box 278 McBee, SC 29101 USA Phone: (843) 335-8211 Fax: (843) 355-8599 Toll-Free: (843) 335-8211 Website: http://www.marmac.com Email: info@marmac.com
North -- Safety 4H 2000 Plainfield Pike Cranston, RI 02921 USA Phone: (800) 430-4110 Fax: (800) 572-6346 Toll-Free: (800) 430-4110 Website: http://www.safety4.com
Perfect Fit Glove Co, LLC 85 Innsbruck Dr. Buffalo, NY 14227 USA Phone: (800) 245-6837 Fax: (716) 668-3224 Toll-Free: (800) 245-6837 Website: http://www.perfectfitglove.com Email: perfectfitglove@perfectfitglove.com

REFERENCES

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CITATIONS

The following sources were consulted for chemical protective clothing data:

(Ansell-Edmont, 2001)
(Bata Shoe Company, 1995)
(Best Manufacturing, 2002)
(Best Manufacturing, 2004)
(Boss Manufacturing Company, 1998)
(ChemFab Corporation, 1993)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003)
(Comasec Safety, Inc., 2003a)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2002)
(DuPont, 2003)
(Guardian Manufacturing Group, 2001)
(ILC Dover, Inc., 1998)
(Kappler Inc., 2001)
(Kimberly-Clark, 2002)
(LaCrosse-Rainfair, 1997)
(MAPA Professional, 2003)
(MAPA Professional, 2004)
(Mar-Mac Manufacturing, Inc, 1995)
(Marigold Industrial, 2003)
(Memphis Glove Company, 2001)
(Montgomery Safety Products, 1995)
(Nat-Wear, 2001)
(Neese Industries, Inc., 2003)
(North, 2002)
(North, 2002)
(Playtex, 1995)
(River City, 1995)
(Safety 4, 2002)
(Servus, 1995)
(Standard Safety Equipment, 1995)
(Tingley, 2002)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2001)
(Trelleborg-Viking, Inc., 2002)
(Wells Lamont Industrial, 2002)
(Workrite, 1997)

-PHYSICAL HAZARDS

FIRE HAZARD

SUMMARY

POTENTIAL FIRE OR EXPLOSION HAZARDS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
- Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air.
- Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
- Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks).
- Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers.
- Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire.
- Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard.
- Containers may explode when heated.
- Many liquids are lighter than water.
Ethylbenzene is a flammable liquid that floats on water and may travel to a ignition source to spread the fire (NFPA, 1997).
Do not expose ethylbenzene to heat or flame as this results in a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000).

FLAMMABILITY CLASSIFICATION

NFPA Flammability Rating for CAS100-41-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Flammability Rating: 3

(3) Flammable. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Including liquids with a flash point below 73 degrees F and a boiling point above 100 degrees F, solid materials which form coarse dusts that burn rapidly without becoming explosive, materials which burn rapidly by reason of self-contained oxygen (ie, organic peroxides), and materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air.

INITIATING OR CONTRIBUTING PROPERTIES

Ethylbenzene may accumulate static electricity and cause its vapors to ignite (NFPA, 1997; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).
The flashpoint of ethylbenzene has been reported to range from 12.8 to 21 degrees C (Bingham et al, 2001; Budavari, 1996; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001).

FIRE CONTROL/EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

TANK OR CAR/TRAILER LOAD FIRE PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

NFPA Extinguishing Methods for CAS100-41-4 (NFPA, 2002):

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Extinguishing Method(s): 1

1: "Water may be ineffective" applies to a situation where materials with a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) are burning. Water will only be effective if used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. Even though water may not put the fire out, it can be used to protect equipment and structures.

Water may be ineffective as an extinguishing method (flash point is less than 37.8 degrees C). Water can be used to cool and protect exposed ethylbenzene, but it may not be capable of extinguishing a fire unless used under favorable conditions by experienced firefighters who are trained in fighting all types of flammable liquids fires (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1994; NFPA, 1997).

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic products of decomposition. Fight fire with water fog, foam (CHRIS, 2001 reports this to be the most effective agent), carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. Keep fire-exposed containers cool using water spray (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000; NFPA, 1997).

Fires involving ethylbenzene should not be extinguished unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide can be used to fight the fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog since solid streams of water may spread the fire. Affected containers can be cooled with flooding quantities of water, applied from as far a distance as possible (AAR, 2000).

If ethylbenzene is not on fire and not involved in a fire, sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition should be isolated. Keep ethylbenzene out of water sources and sewers by building dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak without undue personnel hazard. Knock down vapors using water spray (AAR, 2000).

"If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors and to protect men attempting to stop a leak. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures" (Sittig, 1991).

COMBUSTION TOXICITY

Acrid smoke and fumes are released when ethylbenzene is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).
Irritants and toxic noxious may be produced during combustion; a self-contained breathing apparatus should be employed in such situations (NFPA, 1997; OHM/TADS , 2001).
The combustion of ethylbenzene produces water and carbon dioxide or, in limitied oxygen atmospheres, carbon monoxide (HSDB , 2001).
"Compounds identified in tars produced by the pyrolysis of ethylbenzene include the following suspected carcinogens: 1-benzanthracene; benzene; benzofluoranthene; 10,11-benzofluoranthene; 12-benzofluoranthene; 1-benzofluoranthene; 1-benzopyrene; 3,4-benzopyrene; chrysene; and 1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene" (HSDB , 2001).

EXPLOSION HAZARD

Ethylbenzene may accumulate static electricity (NFPA, 1997).

This compound is capable of forming explosive mixtures with air (OHM/TADS , 2001; Pohanish & Greene, 1997).

DUST/VAPOR HAZARD

Acrid smoke and irritating fumes are released when ethylbenzene is heated to decomposition (Lewis, 2000).

Ethylbenzene vapors are heavier than air and are able to travel to an ignition source and flash back (Bingham et al, 2001; NFPA, 1997).

REACTIVITY HAZARD

Do not expose ethylbenzene to heat or flame as this results in a very dangerous fire and explosion hazard (Lewis, 2000).

Ethylbenzene in the presence of oxidizing materials undergoes a vigorous reaction (Lewis, 2000; Sittig, 1991).

EVACUATION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

Editor's Note: This material is not listed in the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

LARGE SPILL - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE - PUBLIC SAFETY EVACUATION DISTANCES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PUBLIC SAFETY MEASURES - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)

CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number:

MEXICO:

SETIQ:

01-800-00-214-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5559-1588;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-559-1588.

CENACOM:

01-800-00-413-00 in the Mexican Republic;
For calls originating in Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area: 5550-1496, 5550-1552, 5550-1485, or 5550-4885;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-52-555-550-1496, or 011-52-555-550-1552; 011-52-555-550-1485, or 011-52-555-550-4885.

ARGENTINA:

CIQUIME:

0-800-222-2933 in the Republic of Argentina;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +54-11-4613-1100.

BRAZIL:

PRÓ-QUÍMICA:

0-800-118270 (Toll-free in Brazil);
For calls originating elsewhere, call: +55-11-232-1144 (Collect calls are accepted).

COLUMBIA:

CISPROQUIM:

01-800-091-6012 in Colombia;
For calls originating in Bogotá, Colombia, call: 288-6012;
For calls originating elsewhere, call: 011-57-1-288-6012.

CANADA:

CANUTEC:

613-996-6666 (Collect calls are accepted);
*666 cellular (in Canada only).

UNITED STATES:

CHEMTREC®:

1-800-424-9300 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
703-527-3887 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

CHEM-TEL, INC.:

1-800-255-3924 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
813-248-0585 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

INFOTRAC:

1-800-535-5053 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
352-323-3500 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

3E COMPANY:

1-800-451-8346 (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
760-602-8703 for calls originating elsewhere (Collect calls are accepted).

NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER (NRC):

1-800-424-8802 - (24 hours) (Toll-free in the U.S., Canada, and the U.S. Virgin Islands);
202-267-2675 for calls in the District of Columbia.

MILITARY SHIPMENTS:

703-697-0218 - Explosives/ammunition incidents (Collect calls are accepted);
1-800-851-8061 - All other dangerous goods incidents.

NATIONWIDE POISON CONTROL CENTER (United States only):

1-800-222-1222 (Toll-free in the U.S.).

For additional details see the section entitled "WHO TO CALL FOR ASSISTANCE" under the ERG Instructions.
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away.
Stay upwind.
Keep out of low areas.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

AIHA ERPG Values for CAS100-41-4 (AIHA, 2006):

Not Listed

DOE TEEL Values for CAS100-41-4 (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Emergency Management, 2010):

Listed as Ethyl benzene
TEEL-0 (units = ppm): 33
TEEL-1 (units = ppm): 33
TEEL-2 (units = ppm): 1100
TEEL-3 (units = ppm): 1800
Definitions:

TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects.
TEEL-1: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm [parts per million] or mg/m(3) [milligrams per cubic meter]) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. However, these effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.
TEEL-2: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting, adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.
TEEL-3: The airborne concentration (expressed as ppm or mg/m(3)) of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening adverse health effects or death.

AEGL Values for CAS100-41-4 (National Research Council, 2010; National Research Council, 2009; National Research Council, 2008; National Research Council, 2007; NRC, 2001; NRC, 2002; NRC, 2003; NRC, 2004; NRC, 2004; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2009; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2008; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2007; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2005; National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, 2006; 62 FR 58840, 1997; 65 FR 14186, 2000; 65 FR 39264, 2000; 65 FR 77866, 2000; 66 FR 21940, 2001; 67 FR 7164, 2002; 68 FR 42710, 2003; 69 FR 54144, 2004):

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Proposed Value:

AEGL-1

10 min exposure:

ppm: 33 ppm
mg/m3: 144 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 33 ppm
mg/m3: 144 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 33 ppm
mg/m3: 144 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 33 ppm
mg/m3: 144 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 33 ppm
mg/m3: 144 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling, are transient, and are reversible upon cessation of exposure.

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Proposed Value:

AEGL-2

10 min exposure:

ppm: 2900 ppm
mg/m3: 13,000 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 1600 ppm
mg/m3: 7000 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 1100 ppm
mg/m3: 4800 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 660 ppm
mg/m3: 2900 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 580 ppm
mg/m3: 2500 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

Listed as: Ethylbenzene
Proposed Value:

AEGL-3

10 min exposure:

ppm: 4700 ppm
mg/m3: 20,400 mg/m(3)

30 min exposure:

ppm: 2600 ppm
mg/m3: 11,000 mg/m(3)

1 hr exposure:

ppm: 1800 ppm
mg/m3: 7800 mg/m(3)

4 hr exposure:

ppm: 1000 ppm
mg/m3: 4400 mg/m(3)

8 hr exposure:

ppm: 910 ppm
mg/m3: 4000 mg/m(3)

Definitions:

AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

NIOSH IDLH Values for CAS100-41-4 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2007):

IDLH: 800 ppm
Note(s): [10%LEL]

([10%LEL]) The 10%LEL designation is provided where the IDLH was based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. This is used for safety purposes in some cases even though toxicity is not indicative of irreversible health effects or impairment of escape exists only at higher concentrations.

CONTAINMENT/WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

SUMMARY

SPILL OR LEAK PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
- All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
- Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
- Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
- A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
- Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
- Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
RECOMMENDED PROTECTIVE CLOTHING - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
- Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
If ethylbenzene is spilled, workers should be warned. Water spray can be used to cool and disperse the vapors. The area should be ventilated and ignition sources removed by those individuals wearing protective equipment. It is recommended that ethylbenzene be disposed of by absorption into dry sand, earth, vermiculite, or similar absorbent material followed by atomizing into a suitable combustion chamber or burial in a secured sanitary landfill. (Adding a more flammable solvent may make incineration of material that has been sprayed into a furnace easier) (ATSDR, 1999; HSDB , 2001; NFPA, 1997) OHM/TADS, 1991; (ITI, 1995).
"A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1600 degrees C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 degrees C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids" (ATSDR, 2001; (HSDB , 2001).
"Spent ethylbenzene solvents and still bottoms from the recovery of these solvents are designated hazardous wastes and, as such, are subject to RCRA handling and recordkeeping requirements" (ATSDR, 1999).
Small quantities of ethylbenzene can be absorbed on paper and then evaporated in a fume hood. The paper can be burned far away from combustible materials (HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995).
Because of ethylbenzene's explosive properties, it should not be allowed to enter confined spaces (HSDB , 2001)
Land spill: Dig a holding area to contain liquid or solid ethylbenzene that has spilled on land. Surface flow can be diked using sand bags, soil, foamed polyurethane, and foamed concrete. Fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents can be used to absorb bulk liquids. Immobilization of the spill can be carried out through the use of "universal" gelling agent.
Water spill: Remove the slick through the use of sorbent foams or skimming equipment. Oil control booms or natural barriers should be used to limit travel of the spill. To increase boom effectiveness and solidify the spill, use "universal" gelling agent. Activated carbon should be applied at 10 times the spilled amount in those areas where ethylbenzene has been dissolved in concentrations of 10 ppm or greater. Use suction hoses, and mechanical dredges and lifts to remove trapped or immobilized materials (AAR, 2000; HSDB , 2001).
Air Spill: Knock down vapors by applying water spray or mist (AAR, 2000).

LARGE LEAK/SPILL

LARGE SPILL PRECAUTIONS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK, GUIDE 130 (ERG, 2004)
- Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
- Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS

BIOREMEDIATION

Ethylbenzene is transformed through anaerobic digestion by dehydroxylation and decarboxylation; application of anaerobic digestion is appropriate for control of this waste (Freeman, 1989).
In-situ bioremediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylenes (BTEX) was conducted in a fuel-contaminated, oxygen-poor aquifer. Extracted groundwater was enriched with ammonium polyphosphate as nutrient and potassium nitrate as the electron acceptor. It was then piped to an infiltration gallery over the contaminated site. BTEX measurements declined by 78% in the most contaminated well and by nearly 99% in another well. Final data indicated that the BTEX was biodegraded in-situ in the nitrate-enriched aquifer under denitrifying conditions (Gersberg et al, 1995).
Anaerobic growth of four pure cultures of denitrifying bacteria occurred with crude oil as the only source of organic substrate. After growth, chemical analysis indicated that toluene and ethylbenzene were selectively consumed from the oil; the pure compounds o-xylene and p-xylene were consumed to a lesser extent (Rabus & Widdel, 1996).
Waste management activities associated with material disposition are unique to individual situations. Proper waste characterization and decisions regarding waste management should be coordinated with the appropriate local, state, or federal authorities to ensure compliance with all applicable rules and regulations.

PHYSICAL TREATMENT

Incineration is a suggested disposal method (Sittig, 1991).

-ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT

POLLUTION HAZARD

Ethylbenzene is released to the environment through emissions, wastewater, leaks, and spills connected with its production and use in manufacturing. Other sources of ethylbenzene are emissions from petroleum refining, vaporization losses and spills of gasoline and diesel fuel at filling stations and during storage and transit of these fuels, auto emissions, and cigarette smoke (Howard, 1989).

The primary exposure route for ethylbenzene is through inhalation, though exposure can also occur through contact with or ingestion of contaminated water (ATSDR, 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND KINETICS

Based on its vapor pressure, ethylbenzene exists predominantly in the vapor phase if released into the atmosphere. Since it is not expected to photolyze, ethylbenzene can be removed when partitioned into rainwater or by undergoing reaction with nitrate ions, atomic oxygen, ozone, and photochemically-generated hydroxyl radicals. Such chemical transformations of ethylbenzene result in the formation of acetophenone, benzaldehyde, ethylphenols, m-nitroethylbenzene, p-nitroethylbenzene, and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), a toxic by-product (ATSDR, 1999; Howard, 1989).
According to ATSDR (1999), 35 daylight hours is the estimated chemical lifetime of ethylbenzene in the atmosphere based on its reaction with hydroxyl radicals. HSDB (2001) estimates this reaction to have a half-life of 55 hours calculated from a rate constant of 7.1x10(-12) cm(3)/molecule-second at 25 degrees C.
Using the Atmospheric Oxidation Program, 2.7 days (65 hours) is the estimated atmospheric half-life. Degradation is slower in the winter (half-life of 24 hours) than in the summer (half-life of 5.5 hours). Smog conditions increase the rate of degradation (ATSDR, 1999).
The half-life of ethylbenzene in air ranges from 8.56 to 85.6 hours (3.57 days) based on photooxidation in air (Howard et al, 1991).

WATER

SURFACE WATER
- A Koc value of 520 suggests that adsorption of ethylbenzene to sediment and solids is likely; a significant proportion will partition from water into air as is indicated by a high Henry's Law constant (7.88x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mole). Migration from soil pore water, groundwater, or surface water into available compartments in the atmosphere occurs until the saturated vapor concentration is reached (ATSDR, 1999; Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2001):
- Transformation of ethylbenzene in surface water occurs through sensitized photolysis and biodegradation (ATSDR, 1999).
- The scientific judgement of the half-life of ethylbenzene in surface water ranges from 72 hours (3 days) to 240 hours (10 days) based on unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).
- The scientific judgement of the half-life of ethylbenzene in ground water ranges from 144 hours (6 days) to 5472 hours (288 days) based on sea water die-away test data (high t1/2) and on unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

SOIL

TERRESTRIAL
- Migration of ethylbenzene is only moderately slowed by adsorption onto soil, and transport to groundwater prior to biotransformation is possible (migration is especially prevalent in soils with low organic carbon content); ethylbenzene may persist in an aquifer (ATSDR, 1999; Howard, 1989).
- Relatively rapid evaporation from dry soil is due to ethylbenzene's moderately high vapor pressure of 9.6 mmHg. A Henry's Law constant of 7.88x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol suggests that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is also an important fate process (ATSDR, 1999; HSDB , 2001).
- In the presence of oxygen, biologically-induced transformations take place (ATSDR, 1999).
- While there are no direct data concerning biodegradability in soil, it is likely that it will slowly biodegrade after acclimation. There is evidence that ethylbenzene biodegrades slowly in ground water. In instances where large concentrations persist in ground water more than a year after a spill, it is possible that resident microorganisms were killed by toxic concentrations. Ethylbenzene does not hydrolyze in soil or ground water (Howard, 1989).
- The scientific judgement of the half-life of ethylbenzene in soil ranges from 72 hours (3 days) to 240 hours (10 days) based on unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation (Howard et al, 1991).

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION

Ethylbenzene's predominant photochemical reaction in the atmosphere is with hydroxyl radicals; the tropospheric half-life for this reaction is 5.5 hours in the summer and 24 hours in the winter. Degradation may be somewhat faster in photochemical smog conditions. Identified products of photo-oxidation include ethylphenol, benzaldehyde, acetophenone, and m- and p-ethylnitrobenzene. Since ethylbenzene does not significantly absorb light above 290 nm in methanol solution, direct sunlight photolysis in the gas phase or in surface water is not expected to be an important removal process. Ethylbenzene is resistant to hydrolysis (Howard, 1989).

The lambda maximum light absorption of ethylbenzene in methanol is 269.5 nm, 260.5 nm, 254.5 nm, and 208nm. Absorption in methanol extends to approximately 295 nm (Howard et al, 1991).

The scientific judgement of the photo-oxidation half-life of ethylbenzene in air ranges from 8.56 hours to 85.6 hours (3.57 days) based on the measured reaction rate with hydroxyl radicals in air (Howard et al, 1991).

BIODEGRADATION

Ethylbenzene is biodegraded fairly rapidly by sewage or activated sludge inocula after a period of adaptation. When it is a component of gas oil, it is completely degraded in ground water in 8 days and in seawater in 10 days (Howard, 1989).

Summary of reported biodegradation rates for ethylbenzene (Dragun, 1988):

In a static-culture flask biodegradation test (original culture) using settled domestic wastewater as the microbial inoculum, 85% of the ethylbenzene was degraded in 7 days.
In a batch test using groundwater and natural microbial flora as the inoculum, 100% of the ethylbenzene was degraded in 12 days.
It was estimated that in a naturally occurring soil-groundwater system, ethylbenzene has a half-life of 37 days.
In a soil incubation study using natural microbial flora as the inoculum, more than 99% of the ethylbenzene was degraded in 120 weeks.
In a soil percolation study using natural microbial flora as the inoculum, 100% of the ethylbenzene was degraded in 192 hours.

BIOACCUMULATION

BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR

Ethyl benzene is not expected to bioconcentrate in fish in significant quantities based on its octanol/water partition coefficient (Howard, 1989).
"Although information is limited on dietary exposures, ethylbenzene does not appear to significantly bioaccumulate in aquatic or terrestrial food chains, and human exposure through this route is not likely to be of concern" (ATSDR, 1999).
"Experimental data on the bioconcentration of ethylbenzene include a log BCF of 1.9 in goldfish and a log BCF of 0.67 for clams exposed to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil. Experimentally, a log BCF of 1.19 has also been reported which corresponds to a BCF of 15. According to a classification scheme, these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low" (HSDB , 2001).
BCF in fish: 37.5 (based on a log Kow of 3.15) (ATSDR, 1999)
BCF in fathead minnows (pimephales promelas): 167 (calculated) (ATSDR, 1999)

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

(Values are from OHM/TADS, 2001 unless otherwise noted) References: (HSDB , 2001; OHM/TADS , 2001)

LC50 - (WATER) CARSSIUM AURATUS: 94.44 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (Cyprinodon variegatus): 275 mg/L for 96H -- static unmeasured Bioassay (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) LEBISTES RETICULATUS: 97.10 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS: 32 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) SHRIMP (Mysidopsis bahia): 87.6 mg/L for 96H -- static unmeasured bioassay (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GRASS SHRIMP, Adult (Palaemonetes pugio): 14,400 mcg/L for 24H -- static unmeasured bioassay (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GRASS SHRIMP, larva (Palaemonetes pugio): 10,200 mcg/L for 24H -- static unmeasured bioassay (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 42.3 mg/L for 96H -- hard water (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 48.5 mg/L for 96H -- soft water (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 12.1 mg/L for 96H - confidence limit 11.5-12.7 mg/L; flow-through bioassay; 26.1 degrees C; dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L; hardness 45.6 mg/L calcium carbonate; alkalinity 43.0 mg/L calcium carbonate; pH 7.39 (HSDB, 2001)
LC50 - (WATER) GUPPY (Poecilla reticula): 97.1 mg/L for 96H (HSDB, 2001)
TLm - (WATER) BLUNTNOSE MINNOW: 40 ppm for 96H -- controlled temperature
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 35.08 ppm for 24 H -- soft water; 25 degrees C
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 29 ppm for 96H
TLm - (WATER) BLUEGILL: 32 ppm for 48-96H -- soft water; 25 degrees C
TLm - (WATER) GOLDFISH: 73 ppm for 96H
TLm - (WATER) GOLFISH: 94.44 ppm for 24-96H -- hard water; 25 degrees C
TLm - (WATER) GUPPY: 78 ppm for 96H -- hard water; 25 degrees C
TLm - (WATER) GUPPY: 97.10 ppm for 24-96H -- hard water; 25 degrees C
TLm - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 42.33 ppm for 24-96H -- hard water; 25 degrees C
TLm - (WATER) FATHEAD MINNOW (Pimephales promelas): 48.51 ppm for 24-96H -- soft water; 25 degrees C

-PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT

106.17

DESCRIPTION/PHYSICAL STATE

Ethylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with an odor that has been described as pungent, aromatic, sweet, and gasoline-like. Its vapors are heavier than air (Bingham et al, 2001; HSDB , 2001; ITI, 1995; Lewis, 2000).

No information found at the time of this review.

VAPOR PRESSURE

9.53 mmHg; 1.27 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999; Howard, 1989)

9.6 mmHg (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

10 mmHg (at 25.9 degrees C) (Lewis, 2000; OHM/TADS , 2001)

12 mmHg (at 30 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)

100 mmHg (at 74.1 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)

7 mmHg (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999; NFPA, 1997)

1.28 kPa (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.866 (at 25/25 degrees C) (Budavari, 1996)

TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE NOT LISTED

0.87 (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
0.958 (OHM/TADS , 2001)

DENSITY

NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

(25 degrees C; 77 degrees F and 760 mmHg)
0.86 kg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Ashford, 1994)
0.87 g/mL (at 25 degrees C) (ITI, 1995)

OTHER TEMPERATURE AND/OR PRESSURE

0.867 g/mL (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 1997)
0.8670 g/mL (at 20.4 degrees C) (Bingham et al, 2001)

FREEZING/MELTING POINT

FREEZING POINT

-94.9 degrees C (Lewis, 2000a)
-95 degrees C; -139 degrees C; 178 K (CHRIS, 2001; Lewis, 1997a)
-139 degrees C (NIOSH, 2001)

MELTING POINT

-94.5 degrees C (ITI, 1995)
-94.97 (Bingham et al, 2001; Howard, 1989)
-95.01 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2001)
-95 degrees C; -139 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; Lide, 1993; NFPA, 1997)
178.20 degrees K (Lide, 1993)

BOILING POINT

136.25 degrees C (Budavari, 1996; OHM/TADS , 2001)

136.2 degrees C; 277.2 degrees F; 409.4 K (at 760 mm Hg) (Bingham et al, 2001; CHRIS , 2001; Howard, 1989)

136 degrees C; 277 degrees F (Ashford, 1994; ITI, 1995; Lide, 1993; NFPA, 1997)

136.1 degrees C (HSDB , 2001)

136.187 degrees C (Lewis, 1997)

409.34 degrees K (at 101.325 kPa) (Lide, 1993)

FLASH POINT

12.8 degrees C; 55 degrees F (Bingham et al, 2001; NIOSH , 2001)

15 degrees C; 59 degrees F (Tagilabue closed cup) (Ashford, 1994; CHRIS , 2001; Lewis, 2000)

18 degrees C; 64 degrees F (closed cup) (Budavari, 1989)

20 degrees C (ITI, 1995; OHM/TADS , 2001)

21 degrees C; 70 degrees F (NFPA, 1994)

80 degrees F (open cup) (CHRIS , 2001)

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE

432 degrees C; 810 degrees F (ITI, 1995; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000; Lide, 1993; NFPA, 1997)

432.22 degrees C (OHM/TADS , 2001)

860 degrees F (CHRIS , 2001)

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

LOWER

0.8% (NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
1.0% (CHRIS , 2001; ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997)
1.2% (Lewis, 2000)
1.6% (Bingham et al, 2001)

UPPER

6.7% (ITI, 1995; NFPA, 1997; NIOSH , 2001)
6.8% (Lewis, 2000)
7% (Bingham et al, 2001)

SOLUBILITY

IN WATER

Ethylbenzene is practically insoluble in water (Budavari, 1996)
197 mg/L (at 0 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)
140 mg/L (at 15 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999; HSDB , 2001)
152 mg/L (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)
160 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)
161 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (Howard, 1989)
169 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)
177 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)
208 mg/L (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)
"almost insoluble in water" (Lewis, 1997)
14 ppm (at 25 degrees C) (OHM/TADS , 2001)
0.01% (NIOSH , 2001)

IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

It is miscible with the usual organic solvents (Budavari, 1996).
Ethylbenzene is soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, sulfur dioxide; slightly soluble in chloroform; insoluble in ammonia; and miscible with alcohol and ether (HSDB , 2001; Lewis, 1997; Lewis, 2000).

OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT

log Kow = 3.05 (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

log Kow = 3.13 (ATSDR, 1999; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

log Kow = 3.15 (ATSDR, 1999; Howard, 1989; HSDB , 2001; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

log Kow = 4.34 (ATSDR, 1999)

HENRY'S CONSTANT

6.44x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

6.6x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees c) (ATSDR, 1999; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

7.88x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (HSDB , 2001)

7.9x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)

8.43x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 25 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)

8.44x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Howard, 1989)

8.68x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

8.7x10(-3) atm-m(3)/mol (at 20 degrees C) (ATSDR, 1999)

SPECTRAL CONSTANTS

IR: 4779 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

UV: 97 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) (HSDB , 2001)

MASS

MASS: 322 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley & Sons, New York) (HSDB , 2001)

OTHER/PHYSICAL

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

2.4 (Dragun, 1988)

DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

0.077 cm(2)/sec (at 25 degrees C) (Dragun, 1988)

HEAT OF COMBUSTION

-9877 cal/g; -413.5 x 10(5) J/kg; -17,780 Btu/lb (CHRIS , 2001)
LIQUID: 4564.9 kJ/mol; M = 106.167 g/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)
GAS: 4607.1 kJ/mol; M = 106.167 g/mol (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)

HEAT OF FUSION

9.164 J/(mol.K) (HSDB , 2001)

IONIZATION POTENTIAL

8.76 eV (HSDB , 2001; Montgomery & Welkom, 1990; NIOSH , 2001)
9.12 eV (Montgomery & Welkom, 1990)

LIQUID WATER INTERFACIAL TENSION

35.48 dynes/cm; 0.03548 N/m (at 20 degrees C) (CHRIS , 2001)

VISCOSITY

0.304 mPa (at 100 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)
0.380 mPa (at 75 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)
0.482 mPa (at 50 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)
0.631 mPa (at 25 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)
0.872 mPa (at 0 degrees C) (Lide, 1993)
0.64 cP (at 25 degrees C) (Lewis, 1997)
32.6 SUS (Bingham et al, 2001)

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