Leptospira species culture, Blood, Urine, Cerebrospinal fluid

Natarajaseenivasan K, Prabhu N, Selvanayaki K, et al: Human leptospirosis in Erode, South India: serology, isolation, and characterization of the isolates by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004; 57(5):193-197.

Brown PD, Carrington DG, Gravekamp C, et al: Direct detection of leptospiral material in human postmortem samples. Res Microbiol 2003; 154(8):581-586.

Kobayashi Y: Clinical observation and treatment of leptospirosis. J Infect Chemother 2001; 7(2):59-68.

Levett PN: Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14(2):296-326.

Doern GV: Detection of selected fastidious bacteria. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:166-173.

Palmer MF & Zochowski WJ: Survival of leptospires in commercial blood culture systems revisited. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53(9):713-714.