Urine codeine measurement

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Hsu CL, Hung DZ, & Yang DY: The effect of codeine in anti-cough syrup on morphine screen. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002; 65(6):279-284.

Galloway JH, Ashford M, Marsh ID, et al: A method for the confirmation and identification of drugs of misuse in urine using solid phase extraction and gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51(4):326-329.

Levine B & Smialek JE: Considerations in the interpretation of urine analyses in suspected opiate intoxications. J Forensic Sci 1998; 43:388-389.

Zebelman AM, Troyer BL, & Randall GL: Detection of morphine and codeine following consumption of poppy seeds. J Analytical Toxicol 1987; 11:131-132.

Struempler RE: Excretion of codeine and morphine following ingestion of poppy seeds. J Anal Toxicol 1987; 11:97-99.

Selavka CM: Poppy seed ingestion as a contributing factor to opiate-positive urinalysis results: the Pacific perspective. J Forens Sci 1991; 36:685-696.